本章重点骨组织的构成（骨基质，骨祖细胞，成骨细胞，骨细胞，破骨细胞）骨单位的结构和功能意义骨外膜的结构和作用长骨的一般组织学结构骨发生的一般过程软骨的一般结构和分类特点图27 长骨骨干结构模式图图28 膜内成骨过程模式图图29 长骨发生示意图图30 骺板软骨成骨过程模式图图31 骺板软骨示软骨储备区（左）与增生区（右）图32 骺板软骨示软骨钙化区（左）与成骨区（右）膜内成骨（intramembranous ossification ）指在原始的结缔组织膜内直接成骨，见于头面部的扁骨等过程：内部间充质细胞→骨祖细胞→成骨细胞→骨化中心（ossification center ）→骨小梁→松质骨中心外侧→密质骨图28 软骨骨骨发生发生过程膜内成骨软骨内成骨骨的进一步生长发生方式骨的加长骨的增粗软骨内成骨（endochondral ossification ）是指在预先形成的软骨雏形的基础上，软骨逐步被替换为骨。过程：①软骨雏形形成(cartilage model) ：间充质细胞→骨祖细胞→软骨细胞→软骨②骨领形成(bone collar) ：于软骨雏形中段表面形成的薄层骨组织（骨祖细胞→骨细胞）图29 软骨骨骨发生发生过程膜内成骨软骨内成骨骨的进一步生长发生方式骨的加长骨的增粗③初级骨化中心与骨髓腔形成: Formation of primary ossificatrion center and marrow cavity ④次级骨化中心与骨骺形成：Formation of secondary ossification center and epiphysis 软骨骨骨发生发生过程膜内成骨软骨内成骨骨的进一步生长发生方式骨的加长骨的增粗通过骺板不断生长并替换成骨组织骺板分为四个区：①软骨储备区（reserve cartilage zone ）②软骨增生区（proliferating cartilage zon ）③软骨钙化区(calicified cartilage zone) ④成骨区(ossification) ※17 ～20 岁，软骨细胞停止增殖，骺板成为骺线图30 ～32 软骨骨骨发生发生过程膜内成骨软骨内成骨骨的进一步生长发生方式骨的加长骨的增粗骨的增粗（increase in diameter of long bone ）骨外膜（peristeum ）中骨祖细胞（osteoprogenitor cell ）分化为成骨细胞（osteoblast ），在骨干表面添加骨组织（osseous tissue ），使骨干变粗骨干内表面的破骨细胞（osteoclast ）吸收骨小梁（bone trabeculae ），使骨髓腔(marrow cavity) 横向扩大※约30 岁，长骨不再增粗软骨骨骨发生发生过程膜内成骨软骨内成骨骨的进一步生长发生方式骨的加长骨的增粗图1 透明软骨光镜图图2 透明软骨光镜图P 软骨膜Cb 成软骨细胞M 软骨基质Cc 软骨陷窝内的软骨细胞N 软骨细胞核L 软骨细胞内的脂滴图3 软骨细胞超微结构模式图图4 透明软骨光镜图图5 软骨膜(透明软骨)光镜图( 蓝:外层绿:内层) 图6 透明软骨光镜图图7 纤维软骨光镜图图8 弹性软骨光镜图( 弹性染色) 图9 长骨结构模式图图10 骨组织的各种细胞和骨板图11 骨组织的各种细胞和骨板图12 骨切片示骨膜内层骨祖细胞图13 骨切片示成骨细胞图14 成骨细胞电镜图（1核2 GC 3 线粒体4 RER ）图15 骨切片示骨细胞和骨陷窝（绿）及成骨细胞（蓝）图16 骨磨片示骨陷窝（绿）和骨小管（蓝）图17 骨细胞超微结构模式图图18 骨细胞电镜图图19 破骨细胞光镜图（蓝：破骨细胞绿：皱褶缘）图20 破骨细胞局部超微结构模式图图21 破骨细胞电镜图（N核↑皱褶缘）图22 长骨的结构图23 长骨骨干结构模式图图24 长骨骨干结构模式图图25 长骨横切面，示骨单位（硫堇染色）图26 骨磨片示间骨板* 第4 章软骨与骨软骨组织（cartilage tissue ）由软骨细胞和软骨基质构成软骨组织和表面的软骨膜构成软骨Cartilage tissue is composed of chondrocytes and cartilage matrix. cartilage consists of cartilage and perichondrium. 软骨骨发生软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜骨概述图1 软骨细胞（chondrocyte ）软骨陷窝（cartilar tissue ）：周边：细胞幼稚，扁圆状，单个分布中央：细胞成熟，圆或椭圆形，2-8 个聚在一起，核小而圆，核仁1-2 个，胞质弱嗜碱性The cells around the cartilage are distributed singularly,flattened in shape;While that located in central aren are matured,yound or spherical,with a small and round nucleus,and basophilic cytoplasm.In the center of a mass of cartilage in the adult 图2、3 软骨骨发生软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜骨概述同源细胞群( isogenous group ) ：2 ～8 个成熟软骨细胞聚集成群，由一个软骨细胞分裂而来，位于软骨中央The cells in central area may be arranged in grounds,each groung representing the offspring of asingle parent chondrocyte.Such a group of cells,2 to 8 cells,within asingle lacuna is referred to as a cell nest or isogenous group. 功能：产生软骨基质Fountions: The cells produce cartilage matrix 软骨基质（cartilage matrix ）基质（蛋白多糖“分子筛”+ 水）：软骨陷窝周围硫酸软骨素较多，呈强嗜碱性，形成软骨囊（cartilage capsule ）包围软骨细胞纤维：使软骨具有韧性或弹性；纤维成分的种类因软骨类型而异Cartilage matrix is composed of fibers and matrix . Matrix are proteoglycans and water. Around the cartilage lacuna,there is more chondroitin sulfate than other places to form acapsule ground substance. 图4 软骨骨发生软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜骨概述软骨膜（perichondrium ）软骨表面被覆的薄层致密结缔组织外层：胶原纤维多，起保护作用内层：有较多梭形的骨祖细胞，可增殖分化为成软骨细胞,含有血管、淋巴管和神经Perichondrium is a thin layer of dense connective tissue, including the extra layer where there are more collagenous fibers that function in protection, and the other layer,inner layer is more cellular,containing osteoprogenitor cells that are fusiform,blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves. 图5 软骨骨发生软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜骨概述1. 透明软骨（hyaline cartilage ）分布：肋、关节、呼吸道纤维：胶原原纤维（Ⅱ型胶原蛋白），纤维细且折光率与基质相同，于HE 染色切片不能分辨基质：含大量水功能：抗压性强，有一定的弹性和韧性Hyaline cartiage forms the articular surfaces of bones within joins,the costal cartilages,and the cartilages of the nose, larynx,trachea,and bronchi.The main component of fibers in hyaline cartilage is collagenous fibrls which are assembled by type Ⅱcollagens.The fibers are not apparent in fresh material and HE staining since they have approximately the same refractive index as of the surrounding ground substance. 图6 软骨骨发生软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜骨概述2. 纤维软骨（fibrous cartilage ）分布：椎间盘、关节盘及耻骨联合软骨细胞：较小而少，成行分布于纤维束之间纤维：胶原纤维束平行或交叉排列基质：较少，弱嗜碱性功能：韧性强图7 软骨骨发生骨软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜概述3. 弹性软骨（elastic cartilage ）分布：耳廓、咽喉及会厌纤维：大量交织分布的弹性纤维，在软骨中部更为密集功能：有较强的弹性图8 软骨骨发生骨软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜概述两种方式并存附加性生长（软骨膜下生长）：软骨膜内骨祖细胞→成软骨细胞→软骨细胞→产生纤维和基质→软骨加厚Appositional (or exogenous) growth is approcess in which osteoprogenitor cells in the cartilage differentiated into chondroblasts,and the later differentiated into chondrocytes that produce a new layers of fibers and matrix addde to one surface. 软骨骨发生软骨细胞软骨基质软骨生长软骨分类软骨膜骨概述间质性生长（软骨内生长）：软骨细胞增殖和生长→产生新基质→软骨由内至外扩大Interstitial （or endogenous ）growth occures only in relatively young cartilage which is malleable enough to allow expansion.Young chondrocytes,which retain the ability to divide,proliferate and produce new matrix. 人206 块骨参与构成运动系统；均由骨组织、骨膜和骨髓构成功能支持，运动、保护，造血，贮钙Bone is consists of osseous tissue ,periosteum and bone marrow. Its functions are support, movement,protection,storge of calcium and phosphorus. 软骨骨骨发生图9 (一)骨组织（osseous tissue ）: 由细胞和钙化的细胞外基质构成；细胞由骨祖细胞、成骨细胞、破骨细胞、骨细胞Osseous tissue is composed of cells and carcific extrcellular matrix that is characterized by plentiful of deposit of bone minerals.The sells contains osteoprogenitor cslls,osteoblasts,osteoclasts,and osteocytes. 1. 骨基质（bone matrix ，骨质）: 有机成分：胶原纤维（90 ％,Ⅰ型胶原蛋白）+ 基质:蛋白多糖(proteoglycan) 骨钙蛋白(ostecalcin) 骨桥蛋白(osteoprotein) 骨粘连蛋白(osteonectin) 钙结合蛋白(calbindin) Organic constituent is numerous collagenous fibers that consist mainly of type Ⅰcollange,which account for 90 ﹪of organic constituent. 骨基质骨的细胞长骨结构软骨骨骨发生无机成分（骨盐）：羟基磷灰石结晶, 细针状，长10 ～20nm 类骨质：新生成的细胞外基质无骨盐沉积，骨质：钙化后成类骨质为骨质The new extracellular matrix without deposition of bone minerals called osteoid which is calcified into bone matrix. 骨板：骨基质结构呈板层状，同一骨板内纤维相平行，相邻骨板纤维相垂直，增加了骨的强度Structure of bone matrix is plate-like,named bone lamella.Fibers in the same bone lamella parallel with each other,but those in adjacent lamella are arranged perpendicularly by which enhances intensity of bone. 软骨骨骨发生图10 骨基质骨的细胞长骨结构密质骨（compact bone ）:骨板层数多，规则，紧密排列松质骨（spongy bone ）：骨板层数少，不规则，形成针、片状骨小梁Numerous