Risk Management Practices and Related Systems 风险管理操作及相关体系 Federal Reserve System Definition of Risk Management风险管理的定义 Risk Management is the process of identifying, measuring, monitoring and controlling risks     风险管理指风险的识别、计量、监测和控制的过程 Risk Management Systems - are mechanisms established by an institution to perform this function     风险管理体系—银行建立的执行此项职能的机制 Identifying Risks风险的识别 Where Risks should be Identified      风险识别领域 Institution-wide 整个机构 Business lines 业务部门 Products 产品 Transactions 交易  Types of Risks Identified风险的种类 Credit risk 信用风险 Market risk 市场风险 Liquidity risk 流动性风险 Operational risk 操作风险 Legal risk 法律风险 Reputational risk 信誉风险 Controlling Risks风险的控制 Methods to control the risks 控制风险的方法 Eliminate or avoid - decide not to pursue a specific activity      消除或避免—决定不进行某一行为 Transfer - another party assumes the risk - e.g., loan participation     转移—另一方承担风险—如联合贷款 Reduce - mitigation techniques such as hedging     降低—采用化解方法，如对冲 Retain - keep and monitor the risk     保留—保持并监测风险 Benefits of Risk Management风险管理的好处 Adequate compensation for risks incurred     风险发生后的适度补偿 Competitive advantage 增强竞争优势 Prevents or mitigates losses 防止或减少损失 Promotes corporate understanding and controls      推动公司内部的理解和管理 Key Elements of Risk Management 风险管理的主要因素 Active Board and Senior Management Oversight     董事会和高级管理层积极监控 Adequate Policies, Procedures and Limits     适宜的方针、程序和限制 Adequate Risk Measurement, Monitoring, and Management Information Systems     适宜的风险计量、监测和管理信息系统 Comprehensive Internal Controls     全面的内控管理 Role of the Board of Directors董事会的作用 Board of Directors - Has ultimate responsibility for the level of risks taken by the institution     董事会—对机构承担的风险级别负最终责任 Branch of a Foreign Banking Organization - Senior Local Management and the Board of Directors at Head Office     外国银行机构的分行—当地高级管理层及总行董事会 Active Board and Management Oversight董事会和管理层的积极监控 Role of the Board of Directors 董事会的作用 Approves overall business strategies and significant policies     批准整体业务战略和重大方针政策 Oversees senior management and ensures their understanding of risks in the institution     监督并确保高级管理人员了解银行内部的风险 Large institution - clarifies and ensures  understanding of the types of risk to which the institution is exposed     大银行—明确、了解银行面临的各类风险 Monitors risk profile     监督风险状况 Active Board and Management Oversight董事会和管理层的积极监控 Role of the Board of Directors, cont.     董事会的作用（续） Approves the risk profile for each of the six specific risks     批准六类风险的预测 Appoints a chief risk manager for the institution    委任银行的风险管理经理 Reviews regular reports on changes in the risk profile    定期评估风险预测变化报告 Active Board and Management Oversight董事会和管理层的积极监控 Role of Management 管理层的作用 Has detailed knowledge of major business lines including risks and strategies     详细了解主要业务种类，包括风险和战略 Includes the chief risk officer and other risk strategists     包括风险管理总监和风险战略家 Implements strategies to limit risks      实施风险控制战略 Develops policies and procedures for all business lines     为所有业务制定方针和操作程序 Active Board and Management Oversight董事会和管理层的积极监控 Role of Management, cont. 管理层的作用（续） Communicates their

风险管理操作及相关体系.ppt