现在完成时的用法 1.定义: 现在完成时是由助动词?have(has)+动词的过去分词构成。助动词说明该谓语是属于现在时范围。它和主语的人称、数要保持一致。过去分词是主要的谓语动词,说明句子的意2.用法 (1)表示动作发生在过去某个不确定的时间,但对现在留下了某种影响和结果。常被just、already、yet?等副词修饰。 -Have?you?had?lunch?yet??-Yes,I?have.?I’ve?just?had?it. 你(已经)吃午饭了吗??我刚刚吃过。(现在我不饿了) (2)表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。这个动作可能刚停止,可能仍然在进行。常带有for和since等表示一段时间的状语。He?has?taught?here?since?1981 他自1981年就在这儿教书。(可能还要继续教) I?have’t?seen?her?for?four?years. (3)表示说话前发生过一次或多次的动作,现在成为一种经验,一般译为汉语“过”,常带有twice,ever,never,three?times等时间状语。 ?I?have?been?to?Beijing?twice. 3.现在完成时的时间状语 (1)现在完成时属于现在时范围,故不能和过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday,last?Sunday,in1990,three?years?ago等。但是,在强调动作产生的后果和影响时,可以和一些表示不确定的时间状语连用。 a.?用副词already和yet。already一般用于肯定句中,yet一般用于否定句和?疑问句中。如:We?have?already?finished?our?homework.我们已完成作业了。 They?haven’t?finished?their?homework?yet.他们还没有完成作业。 b.用ever?和never。多用于否定或疑问句中,表示“曾经”或“从未“等。?如:-Have?you?ever?been?to?the?Great?Wall?你曾经去过长城吗? -I?have?never?been?to?the?Great?Wall.我从未去过长城。 c.用表示到说话为止的过去时间状语,如just,before,up?to?now,the?past?few?years等。例如:I?have?seen?her?before,but?I?can?not?remember?where. 我以前见过她,但记不起在哪里见过。 He?has?been?there?three?times?the?last?few?days. 近几年他去过那里三次了。 d.用包括“现在”在内的时间状语,如:now,today,this?morning(month,year,term)等。例如:-Have?you?met?him?today?-No,I?haven’t. 今天你见过他吗?我?没有。 How?many?times?have?you?been?there?this?year? 今年你去过那里多少次? (2)现在完成时可以和带有since或for等表示“一段时间”的状语连用,表示动作或状态从某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在。如:I?haven’t?seen?him?for?two?years.?但是,像come,arrive,buy等终止性动词不能与表示“一段时间”的状语连用。要用,必须改为“be(在)”等延续性动词来表述。现归纳总结一下由非延续性动词到延续性动词的转换: arrive→be?here?begin(start)→be?on? die?→be?dead?come?back→be?back leave?→be?away?fall?ill(sick,asleep)→be?ill(sick,asleep) get?up→be?up?go?out?→be?out finish?→be?over?put?on?→wear?或be?on open?→be?open?join?→be?in或?be?a?member?of… close?→be?closed?go?to?school→be?a?student borrow?→keep?buy?→have? catch(a?cold)→?have(a?cold)?get?to?know?→know begin?to?study→study?come?to?work→work He?has?been?a?soldier?for?three?years. ②.His?father?has?been?dead?for?two?years. ③.The?film?has?been?on?for?ten?minutes. ④.We?have?studied?English?for?three?years.? 4.现在完成时和一般过去时的区别 现在完成时和一般过去时都表示在过去完成的动作。但现在完成时强调的是这一动作与现在的关系。如对现在产生的结果或影响等,而一般过去时只表示动作在过去某一时刻发生,不表示和现在的关系。试比较: I?have?lost?my?new?book.?我把新书丢了。(现在还未找到) I?lost?my?new?book?yesterday.?我昨天把新书丢了。(昨天丢的,现在找到与否没说明) 5.几点注意事项 (1)have?been(to)与have?gone(?to)的区别:have?been(to)表示“去过某地(现在已经回来了)”,可用于各人称;have?gone(to)表示“去某地了(说话时某人不在当地)”,常用于第三人称,前者可与once?,never,several?times等连用,后者则不能。They?have?been?to?Beijing?twice.他们去过北京两次。 He?has?gone?to?Beijing?.?他去北京了。 (2)如单纯表示一段时间,或强调一段时间,虽有since一词,也不必用完成时。如:It?is?two?years?since?his?father?died.?=His?father?has?been?dead?for?two?years.他父亲去世已有三年了。 (3)终止性动词现在完成时的否定式,已变成一种可以延续的状态,因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。 I __________ ___________ ___________ two years ago. I __________ ___________ a ___________ ___________ for two years. I _________ _________ a ___________ of __________ _________ for two years. I __________ ___________ ____________ the __________ for two years. 19.自从1999年以来他们就认识。 20.我来到农场已5年了。 二、用过去时或现在完成时填空: 1. “_________ you __________ (have) lunch ?” “Yes.” “When ________ you __________ (have) it?”“I ____________ (have) it at 12:00.” 2. “_________ you __________ (write) a letter to your aunt yet?” Yes, I ___________. I ________________ (write) one last week.” 3. “_________ he ___________ (finish) his homework?” “Not yet.” 4. “_________ they ever __________ (be) abroad?” “Yes, just once.” 5. Your father _________ just ___________ (finish) his work. 6. Your father _________ (finish) his work just now. 7. Last term I __________ (learn) many English words. 8. They ____________ (not read) the interesting books yet. 9. He _____________ never ____________ (go) to the science museum. 10. ____________ you ever ____________ (drink) coke? 11. “____________ you _____________ (buy) a dictionary? “ “Yes, I __________ .” Where __________ you _____________ (buy) it?” “ I ___________ (buy) it in a bookstore.” When ___________ you _____________ (buy) it?” “ Yesterday.” 三、用since和for填空 1. ______ two years
现在完成时的用法及练习题2.doc
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