* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *         6. atomic orbital, the four quantum numbers (原子的轨道和四个量子数 )        The region in which an electron with a specific energy will most probably be located is called an atomic orbital. The designation of the orbital "location" of an electron requires four quantum numbers. Independent of any experienced evidence, three of them arise from solutions of the Schrodinger equation.           A fourth quantum number, the spin quantum number ms(= -1/2,+1/2), is needed to complete the designation of each individual electron within an atom (because the electron can occupy the orbital in two different orientations). The first quantum number, the principal quantum number n, identifies确定the main energy levels (like the balconies).  The second, the subshell亚层quantum number l (= 0,1,2, ... n-1) (traditionally called either the angular momentum or azimuthal方位角的quantum number) identifies sublevels of energy亚能级within the main energy level (like the rows in each balcony).            The third quantum number is the orbital quantum number ml (= -l, ...  ,0, ... +l) (traditionally called the magnetic quantum number)--it pins down（使…约束） the location of individual electrons in orbitals (like the seats in each row). 7. electron configuration, Pauli exclusion priciple, Hund's principle（电子组态， Pauli 不相容原理,Hund's 规则）        The electronic configuration of an atom is the distribution among the subshells of all of the electrons in the atom. Pauli exclusion principle: No two electrons can have the same(four) quantum numbers. Hund's principle： Orbitals of equal energy are each occupied by a single electron before any of them acquires a second electron.      8. paramagnetism, diamagnetism （顺磁性,反磁性 ）     Paramagnetism顺磁性is the property of attraction to a magnetic field shown by substances containing unpaired electrons. Diamagnetism反磁性is the property of repulsion by a magnetic field and shows the absence of unpaired electrons.     9. group (family), period, noble gas （族(家族的)，周期,惰性气体）     The elements in a single vertical column in the periodic table are referred to as members of a group or family. A horizontal row in the periodic table is called a period. Each period ends with a noble gas--an element in which all energy sublevels（亚层） that are occupied are completely filled. 10. representative elements, transition elements（主族元素和过渡元素 ）       The elements in which the s and p sublevels are filling are called the representative elements, which include alkali metals (Group I ), alkaline earth metals (GroupⅡ ), chalcogens (Group VI ) and halogens (Group VII  ). The transition elements include all elements in which the d or f sublevels are filling.       These are referred to as the d-transition elements and the f-transition elements. (The lanthanides and the actinides are f-transition elements. ) Sometimes the f-transition elements are called the inner transition elements.  Scandium, yttrium, and all of the sixth-period elements from lanthanum to lutetium are also k

06.无机化学术语(I).ppt