Dimensions of Organizational Change Top Down _______________	Bottom-up Radical	_______________	Incremental Discontinuous _____________	Continuous Planned	_______________	Emergent OD ----Incremental, gradual, planed changes Organizational transformation---Decisive, rapid,fundamental changes Chap. 18 Organizational Change & Development  §18.1 Forces of Change             Specific factors acting as stimulants for change Dynamic & Changing environment Technology:IT automation,TQM program, BPR nature of the work force:more cultural diversity, increase in professions,many new entrants with inadequate skills economic shocks:security market crashes,interest rate fluctuations,foreign currency fluctuations competition:global competitions,mergers & considerations,growth of specialty retailers social trends:increase in college attendance & divorce rate, delayed marriages by young peoples world politics 2.Managing Planned Change Change:making things different.  Planned Change:change activities that are intentional & goal-oriented.                        Accidental occurrence;proactive & purposeful the goals:improve the ability of - to adapt to changes in its environment;change -- behavior  order of magnitude:1st-order:linear & continuous, no fundamental shift; 2nd-order:multidimensional, multilevel,discontinuous,& radical Change agents: persons acting as catalysts & assume the responsibility for managing -- 3.What can change agents change?    Structure:alter 1 or more of the key elements in --,major modifications in technology:most of early studies dealt with efforts aimed at technological change.introduction of new equipment,tools,methods;automation;computerization physical setting:consider work demands,formal interaction requirement & social needs when m- d. About space configurations,interior design,equip placement   people: changing the attitudes & behaviors of --.od 4.Resistance to change Individual:habit,security,economic factors, fear of the unknown,selective information process organization:structural inertia,limited focus of change,group inertia,threat to expertise, threat to established power relationships, (R-A) overcoming:education & communication, participation, facilitation & support,negotiation, manipulation & cooperation,coersion the politics of change:threaten the status quo; power, stakeholder,impetus--new comer 4.Approach to managing change      (1) 3-Phase (Lewin’s notion)  Unfreezing:change effort to overcome the pressures of both individual & group conformity,         implementation,    equilibrium state    Refreezing or institutionalization:stabilizing a change intervention by balancing.                   Sustained over time,prevent from being short lived & reverting to the previous --  the analysis of driving forces:  forces that direct behavior away from the status quo. constrainting forces:  forces that hinder movement away --        achieved in 1 of the 3 ways,--,--,combine the 1st 2  4.Approach to managing change      (1)5-steps Action research A change process based on systematic collection of data & 

中国股市和美国股市镜像关系的实证研究14.ppt