Class 5.Motivation Theory §5.1 concept  Motivation: the willingness to exert high levels of effort toward organizational goals,conditioned by the effort’s ability to satisfy some individual need  Need:some internal state that makes certain outcomes appear attractive Process:unsatisfied need---tension---drives---search behavior---satisfied need----reduction of tension Class 5. Motivation Theory §5.2 Early theory of Motivation  The 1950s were a fruitful period in the development of motivation concepts.3 specific theories were formulated during this time 1.Hierarchy of Needs Theory     Abraham Maslow There is a hierarchy of 5 needs---physiological, safety,social,esteem,& self-actualization---and as each need is sequentially satisfied,the next need becomes dominant Separation:Lower  order needs---needs that are satisfied externally; physiological & safety needs review:1.intuitively logical,ease of understanding, receiving wide recognition, particularly among practicing managers.  2.little empirical support 2.Theory X and Theory Y           Douglas McGregor proposed 2 distinct views of human being The assumption that employees dislike work,are lazy,dislike responsibility,& must be coerced to perform employees dislike work &,whenever possible,will attempt to avoid it;   They must be coerced,controlled,or threatened with punishment to achieve goals; avoid responsibilities & seek formal direction whenever possible; Most workers place security above all other factors associated with work & will display little ambition Theory Y: The assumption that employees like work,are creative,seek responsibility,& can exercise self-direction     higher order needs dominate individuals 3. Motivation-Hygiene Theory          Frederick Herzberg, individual’s relation to his work Intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction, while extrinsic factors are associated with dissatisfaction satisfaction, No satisfaction Hygiene factors:those factors---such as company policy & administration,supervision,& salary---that,when adequate in job,placate workers.When these factors are adequate,people will not be dissatisfied  Class 5.Motivation Theory §5.2  Contemporary theory of Motivation                                  having one thing in common:each has a reasonable degree of valid supporting documentation 1.ERG theory     Clayton Alderfer of Yale reworked Maslow’s theory to align it more closely with the empirical research There are 3 groups of core needs:existence, relatedness,& growth Difference:(1)more than 1 need may be operative at the same time,(2)if the gratification of a higher level needs is stifled,the desire to satisfy a lower level need increases Maslow: a rigid steplike progression. ERG:contains a frustration-regression dimension Several studies have supported the ERG theory:natives of Spain & Japan place social needs before their physiological requirements 2.McClelland’s theory of needs      Ach,pow,aff are 3 important needs that help to understand Mo Achievement need:The drive to excel,to achieve in relation to a set of standards,to

中国股市和美国股市镜像关系的实证研究5.ppt