Class 3.Perception             I.Definition and importance A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment What one perceives can be substantially different from objective reality,     People’s behavior is based on their perception of what reality is,not reality itself. II.Factors Influencing Perception The perceiver,object,context The perceiver’s personal characteristics         interpretation---attitudes,motives,                attentive focus--preoccupied problem, interests, past experience(novice,keen)                                        Distortion---expectation  Characteristics in the target                          attractiveness of the shape--motion,sounds,size  background,similarity,physical or time proximity The Situation--T,location,light,heat,setting III.Attribution Theory Nonliving objects are subject to the law of nature with no beliefs,motives or intentions.   Perception of a person’s action influenced by the assumptions we make about the person’s internal state When individuals observe behavior,they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused.       3 factors Internally caused behaviors(external causation) : under the personal control of the individual; III.Attribution Theory Distinctiveness:whether an individual displays different behaviors in different situation.(unusual)         Consensus:if everyone faced with a similar setting responds in the same way.(high-E)                           Consistency:does the person respond the same way over time. .(high-I)  Fundamental attribution error:the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors---when making judgement about others’             Self-serving bias: IV.Shortcuts in judging others Make accurate perception rapidly,risk Selective perception:people selectively interpret what they see based on their interests,background, experience,and attitudes.        Study                       take the stimuli in bits and piece,risk Halo effect:Drawing a general impression about an individual based on a single characteristic.        ---traits are ambiguous in behavioral,moral overtone,limited experience  IV.Shortcuts in judging others Contrast effects:Evaluations of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristic. Projection:Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.  (take homogenuity for granted) Stereotyping:Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which that person belongs 1st impression, recent V.Applications in Organizations Employment interview---Make inaccurate perceptual judgements;  Early expression--1st 4-5 minutes carry greater weight; Absence of unfavor- Performance expectations                                          Self-fulfilling prophecy:when one inaccurately perceives the 2nd & the resulting expectations cause the 2nd person to behave in ways consistent with the original perception V.Applica

中国股市和美国股市镜像关系的实证研究3.ppt