Class 6.Applications of Motivation §6.1 Management by Objective A program that encompasses specific goals,particularly set,for an explicit time period,with feedback on goal progress MBO 4 ingredients:goal specificity,participative D-M,an explicit time period,& performance feedback Converting overall organizational objectives into specific objectives for organizational units and individual members objectives cascade down through the organization: overall organizational,divisional,departmental, individual objectives Linking MBO and Goal-setting theory:specific hard goals.Area of possible disagreement---participation MBO In practice Class 6.Applications of Motivation §6.2 Behavior Modification A program where managers identify performance-related employee behaviors & then implement an intervention strategy to strengthen desirable performance behaviors & weaken undesirable performance behaviors OB Mod Emery Air Fright use containers 5-step problem-solving model: (1)identification of performance-related behaviors;(2)measurement of the behaviors; (3) identification of behaviors contingencies; (4)development & implementation of an intervention strategy;(5)evaluation of performance improvement Reinforcement theory Class 6.Applications of Motivation §6.3 Employee Involvement A participative process that uses the entire capacity of employees & is designed to encourage increased commitment to the organization’s success Examples of participative management:A process where subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superior representative participation:workers participate in organizational decision making through a small group of representative employees Works councils: group of nominated or elected employees who must be consulted when management makes decisions involving personnel Board representatives:a form of representative participation. Employees sit on a company’s board of directors & represent the interests of the firm’s employees Examples of Quality circle: a work group of 8-10 employees who meet regularly to discuss their quality problems,investigate causes,recommend solutions,& take corrective actions Management retains control over the final decision; improve productivity;a simple device? Employee stock ownership plans(ESOPs):company-established benefit plans in which employees acquire stock as part of their benefits Linking:Theory Y;ERG theory In practice Class 6.Applications of Motivation §6.4 Variable pay A portion of an employee’s pay is based on some individual &/or organizational measurement 4 of the widely used model Piece-rate pay plan:workers are paid a fixed sum for each unit of production completed Bonus Profit-sharing plans:organization-wide programs that distribute compensation based on some established formula designed around a company’s profitability Gainsharing:an incentive plan where improvement in group productivity d
中国股市和美国股市镜像关系的实证研究6.ppt
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