* * 大家好！脊柱Vertebral column 基础医学院人体解剖教研室The vertebral column 脊柱consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx.  一、Vertebrae 椎骨There are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows: Cervical vertebrae 颈椎C.7 Thoracic vertebrae 胸椎T.12 Lumbar vertebrae 腰椎L.5 Sacral vertebrae  骶椎S.5 sacrum 骶骨Coccygeal vertebrae 尾椎Co.3~4  coccyx 尾骨General features of vertebrae Vertebral body 椎体Vertebral arch 椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根: sup. and inf. Vertebral notch 椎上、下切迹lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板process (7): spinous process 棘突transverse process 横突sup. and inf. articular processes  上、下关节突Vertebral foramen 椎孔Vertebral canal 椎管Intervertebral foramen 椎间孔Regional variations of vertebrae Cervical vertebrae Vertebrae Body: small Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular Spinous processes:  short and bifid in C3 to C5, long in C6,and longer in C7 Transverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen 横突孔Articular processes: horizontal Atypical vertebeae Atlas 寰椎(C1) Body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral masses Groove for vertebral artery 椎动脉沟Axis 枢椎(C2):  distinguished by dens 齿突which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlas  Carotid tubercle: 颈动脉结节: anterior tubercle of transverse process of C6 Vertebra prominens 隆椎(C7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervical and thoracic spinous processes Thoracic vertebrae Vertebrae Body ：heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹Vertebral foramen ：smaller, rounder  Spinous processes ：long, point obliquely downward Transverse processes ：transverse costal fovea 横突肋凹Articular processes: coronal Lumbar vertebrae Vertebrae Body ：larger, kidney-shape  Vertebral foramen: larger and triangular  Spinous processes: projects horizontally Transverse processes: long Articular processes: sagittal Sacrum Anterior surface: promontory 岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔(four pairs) Posterior surface:  median sacral crest 骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus 骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角Lateral part:  auricular surface 耳状面, sacral tuberosity 骶粗隆二、Articulations of Vertebrae  椎骨的连结Joints of the vertebral bodies Joints of the vertebral arches 1.Joints of the vertebral bodies 椎体间的连结Intervertebral discs 椎间盘between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of: Nucleus pulpous 髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core ) Annulus fibrosus 纤维环an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilage Anterior longitudinal ligament  前纵韧带Strong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the S1~S2 Maintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral column Posterior longitudinal ligament 后纵韧带Attached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from C2 vertebra to sacrum Prevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discs Hernia of nucleus pulpous  髓核脱出2.Joints of the vertebral arches 椎弓间的连结Ligamenta flava 黄韧带―elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral column Interspinal ligament 棘间韧带Supraspinal ligament 棘上韧带Ligamentum nuchae 项韧带Intertansverse ligament 横突间韧带Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节*