中药与方剂名的翻译Translation of TCM Herbs and Formula 1 方药常用术语方剂prescription, recipe, formula 方剂学Prescriptionology science for studying prescriptions 七方是方剂分类的合称。指七种组成不同的方剂。见《伤寒明理论》。即大、小、急、缓、奇、偶、复等七方。详各条。《素问·至真要大论》：“治有缓急，方有大小”，“君一臣二，奇之制也；君二臣四，偶之制也”，“奇之不去则偶之，是谓重方。”至金代成无己才将其总结为七方。七方说明处方立法，应按照病情缓急，病位上下，适当配伍药物，并斟酌剂量等，作为制方依据，逐渐演变而成七方。即大、小方，缓、急方；奇、偶方或复方。一般指处方中药味多或量大者为大方，反之为小方；用药和缓，或长期服用的方剂为缓方，反之为急方，单味药或奇数药的为奇方，反之为偶方；数方组合的方剂为复方1 方药常用术语与方剂有关的术语1 方药常用术语与方剂有关的术语( 续) 1 方药常用术语与方剂有关的术语( 续) 1 方药常用术语剂型prescription types 1. 汤剂(decoction) 2. 散剂(powder) 3. 丸剂(bolus, pellet, pill) 蜜丸	honeyed bolus 水丸	water pellet / water-paste pill 糊丸	paste pill 濃縮丸condensed pellet 1 方药常用术语剂型prescription types ( 续) 4. 膏剂(extract, ointment and plaster) 浸膏	extract 流浸膏liquid extract 煎膏	decocted paste 软膏	ointment, paste 硬膏	plaster 5. 丹剂(elixir, dan) 6. 酒剂(medicated wine, vinum) 7. 茶剂(medicated tea) 8. 药露(distilled medicinal water / medicinal dew) 1 方药常用术语剂型prescription types ( 续) 9. 錠剂、餅剂(lozenge, pastille, troche and medicated cake) 10. 片剂(tablet) 11. 糖漿剂(syrup) 12. 沖剂(granule, infusion) 13. 灸剂(moxa) 14. 針剂(injection) 15. 栓剂(suppository) 16. 胶囊剂(capsule) 1 方药常用术语配伍composition / combination 配伍禁忌contradiction of compatibility 七情seven features 單行single application / going alone 相須mutual promotion / mutual reinforcement 相使mutual enhancement / assistance 相畏mutual antagonism / restraint 相恶inhibition / aversion 相杀detoxification / suppression 相反incompatibility / antagonism 1 方药常用术语炮制processing 2 方剂命名与翻译2.1 以方中主要药物命名a) 以主药一味命名麻黃汤(Ephedra Decoction) 桂枝汤(Cinnamon Twig Decoction) b) 以主药二味命名桑菊饮(Mulberry Leaf and Chrysanthemum Beverage) 银翘散(Lonicera and Forsythia Powder) c) 以三味主药命名麻黄连翹赤小豆汤(Ephedra, Forsythia and Rice Bean Decoction) 2 方剂命名与翻译2.2 以方中全部組成药物命名a) 按組成各味药物全名命名麻黃杏仁石膏甘草汤( 麻杏石甘汤) Ephedra, Apricot Kernel, Gypsum and Licorice Decoction Maxing Shigan Decoction 2 方剂命名与翻译2.2 以方中全部組成药物命名b) 取組成药品中各一個字命名参桂朮甘汤Ginseng, Cinnamon Twig, Bighead Atractylodes and Licorice Decoction Shengui Zhugan Decoction 参苓白朮散Ginseng, Poria and Bighead Atractylodes Powder Shenling Baizhu Powder 2 方剂命名与翻译2.2 以方中全部組成药物命名( 续) c) 按組成药物味數命名四物汤Four Agents Decoction 六味汤Six-Ingredient Decoction d) 按組成药物味數与功效、作用結合命名四君子汤Four Gentlemen Decoction 四神丸Four Spirits Pill 2 方剂命名与翻译2.3 以功效命名温脾汤Spleen Warming Decoction 2.4 以方中有特殊作用的药物命名十枣汤Ten Jujubes Decoction 2.5 以方中主药的別名命名鸡苏散Mint Powder 2 方剂命名与翻译2.6 以方中主药物与功效或主治結合命名人參养荣丸Ginseng Construction-Nourishing Pill 疏风清热汤Wind-Coursing Heat-Clearing Decoction 荊防败毒散Schizonepeta and Ledebouriella Toxin-Vanquishing Powder 龙胆泻肝汤Gentian Liver-Draining Decoction 黃連解毒汤Coptis Toxin-Resolving Decoction Antidotal Decoction of Coptis 2 方剂命名与翻译2.7 特殊命名以服药時間命名鸡鸣散Rooster Crowing Powder Cockcrow Powder 以比喻命名舟車丸喻行气逐水之效Boats and Carts Pill 以典故命名吳婆散「吳市吹簫」「寄食漂母」Wupo Powder 2 方剂命名与翻译2.7 特殊命名( 续) 以方中药物采集特點命名二至丸Double Supreme Pill 以方中药物入药部分命名三子养親汤Three Seeds Filial Devotion Decoction 以炮制法命名十灰散Ten Cinders Powder 2 方剂命名与翻译方剂翻译原则简洁原则信息原则回译原则3 方剂示例清咽利膈汤清瘟败毒饮犀角地黃汤銀花解毒汤清宮汤仙方活命饮3 方剂示例清咽利膈汤Throat-Clearing Diaphragm-Disinhibiting Decoction 清瘟败毒饮Scourge-Clearing Toxin-Vanquishing Beverage Antipyretic and Antitoxic Decoction 犀角地黃汤Rhinoceros Horn and Rehmannia Decoction Fairy Decoction for Treating Cutaneous Infections 銀花解毒汤Honeysuckle Decoction for Relieving Toxin 3方剂示例清宮汤Palace-Clearing Decoction 仙方活命饮Immortal Formula Life-Giving Beverage 蒼耳子散Xanthium Powder 通窍活血汤Orifice-Freeing Blood-Quickening Decoction 桃红四物汤Peach Kernel and Carthamus Four Agents Decoction 3 方剂示例溫肺止流丹Lung-Warming Nose-Drying Elixir 补中益气汤Center-Supplementing Qi-Boosting Decoction Decoction for Reinforcing Middle-Warmer and Replenishing Qi 六味地黃汤Six-Ingredient Rehmannia Decoction 金匱肾气丸Golden Coffer Kidney Qi Pill 以数字方式命名的中医常用方剂名称英译的探讨三拗汤命名缘由：“三拗”者，乃谓方中三味药物煎煮时违拗常法：麻黄不去根节，杏仁不去皮尖，甘草不用蜜炙而生用。英译有：1. Rough and Ready Three Decoction (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Decoction of Three Crude Drugs( 汉英医学大辞典) 3. Three Break Decoction(Giovanni Maciocia) 建议英译：Decoction of Three Irregularly Prepared Herbs Three Disobedience Decoction 四妙勇安汤命名缘由：本方药仅四味，功效绝妙，且量大力专，勇猛迅速，使邪袪病除，身体健康，平安无虞，故称“四妙勇安汤”英译有：1. Mysterious Four Resting Hero Decoction (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Decoction of Four Wonderful Drugs for Quick Restoration of Health ( 汉英医学大辞典) 建议英译：Decoction of Four Well-matched Potent Herbs for Stopping Groaning 四逆散命名缘由：本方能治阳气内郁所致的四肢厥逆证；根据主治病证来命名，故名“四逆散”。英译有：1. Counter flow Cold Powder (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Powder for Treating Cold Limbs ( 汉英医学大辞典) 3. Four Rebellious Powder (Giovanni Maciocia) 五味消毒饮命名缘由：本方由金银花、野菊花、蒲公英、紫花地丁、紫背天葵子五味药物组成，有清热、解毒、消肿之功，故命名为“五味消毒饮”。英译有：Five Ingredient Toxin Dispersing Beverage (Nigel Wiseman) Antiphlogistic Decoction of Five Drugs ( 汉英医学大辞典) 3. Five-Ingredient Resolving Poison Decoction (Giovanni Maciocia) 建议英译：Decoction of Five Herbs for Eliminating Heat Evil 五苓散命名缘由：本方由猪苓、泽泻、白朮、茯苓、桂枝诸药组成。用于外有表证，内停水饮之证。方中由五味药组成，以利水之猪苓为主，故称“五苓散”。英译有：Poria Five Powder (Nigel Wiseman) Powder of Five Drugs with Poria ( 汉英医学大辞典) Five- Ingredient Poria Powder (Giovanni Maciocia) 建议英译：Powder of Five Herbs Led by Polyporus 八正散命名缘由：本方以八味药物为散，通过正治之法（热者寒之），以奏清热通淋之功，用以治疗湿热下注之淋证，故称“八正散”。英译有：Eight Corrections Powder (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Powder for Dispersing Heat and Promoting Diuresis ( 汉英医学大辞典) 3. Eight Rectification Powder (Giovanni Maciocia) 建议英译：Powder of Eight Herbs by Routine Treatment 十全大补汤命名缘由：本方由补气基础方“四君子汤”，与补血基本方“四物汤”合并而成的“八珍汤”，再加补气之黄芪、补阳之肉桂二药而成，大补阴阳气血，故名“十全大补汤”。英译有：1. Perfect Major Supplementation Pill (Nigel Wiseman) 2. Decoction of Ten Powerful Tonics ( 汉英医学大辞典) 3. Ten Complete Great Tonification Decoction (Giovanni Maciocia) 4. All-inclusive Grand Tonic Decoction ( 新编汉英中医药分类辞典) 建议英译：Decoction of Ten Grand Tonics * * * Jeanelle chin complex prescription / composite prescription compound formula 複方single-drug prescription / simple prescription simple formula 單方prescription for emergency / urgent prescription urgent formula 急方mild prescription gentle formula 緩方minor prescriptions small prescription / light prescription minor formula 小方grandiose prescriptions heavy prescription / patent prescription (L) major formula (W) 大方nonclassical prescription post-antique formula 時方classical prescription classical remedy 經方light prescription light formula 輕方even prescription even-number formula 偶方odd-numbered prescription odd-number formula 奇方ascending prescription 升剂tonic prescription 补剂descending prescription 降剂astringent prescription 涩剂heat prescription 热剂lubricating prescription 滑剂cold prescription 寒剂heavy prescription 重剂moistening prescription 湿剂purgative prescription 泻剂dry prescription 燥剂dispersing prescription 宣剂simmering 熬frying with liquids / mix-fry 炙roasting 炮quenching 淬mild heating 焙charring, calcining 煅boiling 煮baking 烘