Angiology 脉管系统山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华Composition Cardiovascular system 心血管系统Lymphatic system 淋巴系统The cardiovascular system Organization Heart 心A muscle pump to maintain the flow of blood, Consist of four chambers (right and left atria, right and left ventricles) Artery 动脉a. carry blood away from the heart Veins 静脉v.  carry blood back to the heart Capillary 毛细血管microscopic vessels, the area of exchange between blood and tissue fluid Blood circulation Systemic circulation  体循环left ventricle→aorta and its branches→capillaries of body→superior and inferior vena cava→right atrium Pulmonary circulation 肺循环right ventricle→pulmonary a.→capillaries of lung→pulmonary v.→right atrium Vascular anastomosis 血管吻合Anastomosis between a. Anastomosis between v. Arteriolovenular anastomosis 动静脉吻合Collateral vessels 侧副管Circulation 侧支循环The Arteries Characteristics Symmetry 对称In the trunk of the body consist parietal and visceral branches 壁支和脏支Shortest possible course Run on flexor surfaces Usually do not pass directly through muscles, avoiding compression Together with the veins and nerves in a sheath of fascia to form neurovascular bundle 血管神经束Arteries of pulmonary circulation  肺循环的动脉Pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干Arises from right ventricle Runs up, back ,and to the left Bifurcates inferior to aortic arch into right and left pulmonary arteries, one for each lung Arteries of systemic circulation  体循环的动脉Aorta 主动脉Ascending aorta 升主动脉Aortic arch 主动脉弓Brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干right common carotid a.  右颈总动脉right subclavian a. 右锁骨下动脉Left common carotid a. 左颈总动脉Left subclavian a.  左锁骨下动脉Descending aorta 降主动脉Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉Arteries of head and neck Common carotid a. 颈总动脉External carotid a. 颈外动脉Internal carotid a. 颈内动脉Subclavian a. 锁骨下动脉Arteries of upper limb Axillary a. 腋动脉Brachial a. 肱动脉Radial a. 桡动脉Ulnar a. 尺动脉Superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓deep palmar arc 掌深弓Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉Parietal branches 壁支Nine pairs posterior intercostals arteries 肋间后动脉One pair subcostal 肋下动脉Visceral branches 脏支Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉 Visceral branches 脏支Paired branches Middle suprarenal artery 肾上腺中动脉Renal artery 肾动脉Testicular (ovarian) artery 睾丸（卵巢）动脉Unpaired branches Celiac trunk 腹腔干Superior mesenteric a.  肠系膜上动脉Inferior mesenteric a. 肠系膜下动脉Parietal branches Arteries of pelvis Common iliac a. 髂总动脉Internal iliac a. 髂内动脉External iliac a. 髂外动脉Arteries of lower limb Femoral a. 股动脉Popliteal a. 腘动脉Posterior tibial a. 胫后动脉Anterior tibial a.  胫前动脉dorsal a. of foot  足背动脉The Veins 静脉General feature Thin walls, larger lumens, venous valves, venous plexus, venous rete Two sets Superficial vein Deep veins Special structures: sinuses of dura mater 硬脑膜窦diploic veins 板障静脉Superior vena cava and its tributaries Veins of head and neck Internal jugular vein External jugular vein Brachiocephalic vein: venous angle Veins of upper limb Deep vein: have the same names as their companion arteries Superficial veins: cephalic v. 头静脉basilica v.  贵要静脉median cubital v.  肘正中静脉Veins of thorax Superior vena cava 上腔静脉Azygos v. 奇静脉Hemiazygos v. 半奇静脉accessory hemiazygos v. 副半奇静脉Veins of vertebral column 椎静脉丛Inferior vena cava system Veins of lower limb Deep vein: have the same names as their companion arteries Superficial veins: great saphenous v. 大隐静脉small saphenous 小隐静脉Veins of pelvis Internal iliac v. 髂内静脉External iliac v. 髂外静脉Common iliac v. 髂总静脉Inferior vena cava and its tributaries Hepatic portal v. The Lymphatic System Composition Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic vessels: two sets, superficial and deep Lymphatic trunks: nine Lymphatic ducts: thoracic duct, right lymphatic duck Lymphatic organ Lymphatic nodes Tonsil, spleen, thymus Lymphatic tissue Introduction of the nervous system 山东大学医学院解剖教研室李振华The Nervous System --Divisions Central nervous system (CNS)  1. Brain （脑）2. Spinal cord （脊髓）Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 1. Cranial n. （脑神经12 pairs)  2. Spinal n. ( 脊神经31 pairs) 3. Visceral n. （内脏神经）Visceral sensory n. Visceral motor n. Sympathetic part （交感神经）Parasympathetic part （副交感神经）The Cranial Nerves 脑神经ⅠOlfactory nerve 嗅神经ⅡOptic nerve 视神经ⅢOculomotor nerve 动眼神经ⅣTrochlear nerve 滑车神经ⅤTrigeminal nerve  三叉神经ⅥAbducent nerve 展神经ⅦFacial nerve 面神经ⅧVestibulocochlear nerve 前庭蜗神经ⅨGlossopharyngeal nerve 舌咽神经ⅩVagus nerve  迷走神经ⅪAccessory nerve 副神经ⅫHypoglossal nerve 舌下神经General description 31 pairs spinal nerves:  8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal nerve. Formation: each spinal nerve is formed by union of anterior and posterior roots at intervertebral foramen 1.The anterior root  Contains motor fibers for skeletal muscles. Those from T1 to L2 contain sympathetic fibers; S2 to S4 also contain parasympathetic fibers. 2. The posterior root  Contains sensory fibers whose cell bodies are in the spinal ganglion. Functional components 1. Somatic efferent nerve fibers 躯体传出纤维(SE): fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal cord to skeletal muscles. 2. Visceral efferent nerve fibers 内脏传出纤维(VE): fibers that transmit motor impulses from spinal cord to smooth muscles, cardiac muscle and glands. 3. Somatic afferent nerve fibers 躯体传入纤维(SA): fibers that transmit exteroceptive and proprioceptive impulses from body to spinal cord 4. Visceral afferent nerve fibers 内脏传入纤维(VA): fibers that transmit interoceptive impulses from the viscera to spinal cord Branches of spinal nerves 1. Anterior branch 前支: largest , innervates anterolateral body wall and limbs ，the great nerve plexus, e.g. the cervical, brachial, lumbar, and sacral, are formed by anterior rami 2. Posterior branch 后支: innervates the back of the trunk 3. Communicating branch 交通支: connect the spinal nerve to the sympathetic trunk 4. Meningeal branch 脊膜支: re-enters vertebral canal through intervertebral foramen to dura mater Cervical plexus 颈丛Formation: formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves Position: lies in front of the origin of levator scapulae and scalenus medius and deep to the superior part of the sternocleidomastoid  Brachial plexus 臂丛Formation: Formed by anterior rami of C5-C8 and T1 spinal nerves Position:  Passes through the scalene fissure to posterosuperior of subclavian artery, then enters the axilla to form three cords  Anterior branches of thoracic nerves Intercostal nerves 肋间神经(anterior rami of T1- T11)  Subcostal nerve 肋下神经(anterior ramus of T12) Distribution: distributed to intercostales and anterolateral abdominal muscles, skin of thoracic and abdominal wall, parietal pleura and peritoneum Lumbar plexus 腰丛Formation: formed by anterior rami of L1-L3, a part of anterior rami of T12and L4 Position: lies within substance of psoas major Branches Iliohypogastric n. 髂腹下神经Ilioinguinal n. 髂腹股沟神经Lateral femoral cutaneous n. 股外侧皮神经Femoral n. 股神经Obturator n. 闭孔神经Genitofemoral n. 生殖股神经Sacral plexus 骶丛Formation: formed by anterior rami of L4 and L5 spinal nerves (the lumbrosacral trunk) and anterior rami of sacral and coccygeal nerves Position: lies in pelvic cavity, anterior to sacrum and piriformis * * Rectal venous plexus Venous valve Diploic veins Sinuses of dura mater Heart Artery Capillaries Vein Cell Tissue fluid Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic vessel Lymphatic node Lymphatic trunk Lymphatic duct Lymphatic capillary Lymphatic node Afferent vessels Afferent vessels Thoracic duct Right lymphatic duck Lymphatic vessels *